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<h3 class="likesectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-1000"></a>Esimerkkej&#x00E4; kuntalaajennuksista polynomirenkaissa</h3>
<!--l. 39--><p class="noindent"><span 
class="aebx-10">Esimerkki. </span>Tutkitaan reaalilukujen kuntaa <!--l. 40--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x211D;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">&#x22C5;</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>.
Olkoon <!--l. 41--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>p</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>.
Kuten sivulla Esimerkkej&#x00E4; polynomirenkaista todettiin on
<!--l. 42--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>p</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> jaoton
yli kunnan <!--l. 42--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x211D;</mi></math>.
Merkit&#x00E4;&#x00E4;n <!--l. 42--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>I</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo> <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>.
Sivun Polynomirenkaan j&#x00E4;&#x00E4;nn&#x00F6;sluokkarenkaasta perusteella saadaan siis kunta
</p>
<div class="math-display"><!--l. 45--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" ><mrow 
>
                           <mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x211D;</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">[</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">]</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mi 
>I</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">{</mo><mrow><mi 
>a</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2223;</mo> <mi 
>a</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>b</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2208;</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x211D;</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">}</mo></mrow><!--mstyle 
class="text"--><mtext >,</mtext><!--/mstyle-->
</mrow></math></div>
<!--l. 45--><p class="nopar"> jonka operaatiot ovat, kun <!--l. 46--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>a</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>a</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2208;</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x211D;</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">[</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">]</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mi 
>I</mi></math>,
<!--tex4ht:inline--></p><!--l. 47--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" >
<mtable 
class="eqnarray-star" columnalign="right center left" >
<mtr><mtd 
class="eqnarray-1"> <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>a</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>a</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-2">   <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo></mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-3">   <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>a</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>a</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>b</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo>     </mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-4"> <mtext class="eqnarray"></mtext></mtd>
</mtr><mtr><mtd 
class="eqnarray-1">  <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>a</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">&#x22C5;</mo> <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>a</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-2">   <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo></mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-3">   <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>a</mi><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>a</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2212;</mo> <mi 
>b</mi><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>a</mi><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>a</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-4"> <mtext class="eqnarray"></mtext></mtd>                          </mtr></mtable>
</math>
<!--l. 50--><p class="nopar">
Tuloa laskettaessa v&#x00E4;hennettiin j&#x00E4;&#x00E4;nn&#x00F6;sluokan edustaja
<!--l. 52--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>.
Sivun Kuntalaajennus polynomirenkaassa lauseen mukaan polynomilla
<!--l. 53--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mn>1</mn></math> on nollakohta
kuntalaajennuksessa <!--l. 54--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x211D;</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">[</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">]</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mi 
>I</mi></math>.
                                                                                 
                                                                                 
</p><!--l. 56--><p class="noindent">Saatu kunta on kompleksilukujen kunta <!--l. 56--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x2102;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">&#x22C5;</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>.
Yhteyden n&#x00E4;kee helpoiten, kun merkit&#x00E4;&#x00E4;n
<!--l. 57--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>a</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>a</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>i</mi></math>.
</p><!--l. 59--><p class="noindent">Sivun Kuntalaajennus polynomirenkaassa lauseen todistuksen perusteella polynomin
<!--l. 60--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mn>1</mn></math> nollakohta
kunnassa <!--l. 61--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x211D;</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">[</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">]</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mi 
>I</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">&#x22C5;</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>
on <!--l. 61--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></math>, siis
<!--l. 61--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>0</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">&#x22C5;</mo> <mi 
>i</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>i</mi></math>, kuten
pit&#x00E4;&#x00E4;kin.
</p><!--l. 64--><p class="noindent"><span 
class="aebx-10">Esimerkki. </span>Polynomi <!--l. 65--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>p</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover></math>
on jaoton yli kunnan <!--l. 66--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msub><mrow 
><mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x2124;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">&#x22C5;</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>,
sill&#x00E4; <!--l. 66--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>p</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>0</mn> </mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> </mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover></math> ja
<!--l. 67--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>p</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn> </mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> </mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn> </mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> </math>. T&#x00E4;ten saadaan kunta,
kun merkit&#x00E4;&#x00E4;n <!--l. 68--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>I</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo> <mi 
>p</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>,
<!--tex4ht:inline--></p><!--l. 69--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" >
<mtable 
class="eqnarray-star" columnalign="right center left" >
<mtr><mtd 
class="eqnarray-1"> <msub><mrow 
><mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x2124;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">[</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">]</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mi 
>I</mi></mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-2">   <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo></mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-3">   <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">{</mo><mrow><mi 
>a</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2223;</mo> <mi 
>a</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>b</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2208;</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x2124;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">}</mo></mrow>   </mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-4"> <mtext class="eqnarray"></mtext></mtd>
</mtr><mtr><mtd 
class="eqnarray-1">       </mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-2">   <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo></mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-3">   <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">{</mo><mrow><mi 
>I</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">}</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mtd><mtd 
class="eqnarray-4"> <mtext class="eqnarray"></mtext></mtd>                                             </mtr></mtable>
</math>
<!--l. 72--><p class="nopar">
</p><!--l. 74--><p class="noindent">Kyseess&#x00E4; on siis nelj&#x00E4;n alkion kunta. (T&#x00E4;m&#x00E4; on <span 
class="aeti-10">Galois'n kunta</span>
<!--l. 75--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>G</mi><mi 
>F</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msup><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup 
> </mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>.) Jos kunnan alkioita
merkit&#x00E4;&#x00E4;n seuraavasti: <!--l. 76--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>0</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></math>
(nolla-alkio), <!--l. 76--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></math>
(ykk&#x00F6;salkio), <!--l. 76--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></math>
ja <!--l. 77--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn> </mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></math>,
saadaan additiiviselle ja multiplikatiiviselle ryhm&#x00E4;lle seuraavat taulut.
</p>
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 80--><p class="noindent">
                                                                                 
                                                                                 
<!--tex4ht:inline--></p><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-1-" ><colgroup id="TBL-1-1g"><col 
id="TBL-1-1" /><col 
id="TBL-1-2" /><col 
id="TBL-1-3" /></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-1-1-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-1-1"  
class="td11"> <!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
frame="border" id="TBL-2-" ><colgroup id="TBL-2-1g"><col 
id="TBL-2-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-2-2g"><col 
id="TBL-2-2" /><col 
id="TBL-2-3" /><col 
id="TBL-2-4" /><col 
id="TBL-2-5" /></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-2-1-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-1-1"  
class="td11"><!--l. 83--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-1-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 83--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>0</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-1-3"  
class="td11"><!--l. 83--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-1-4"  
class="td11"><!--l. 83--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-1-5"  
class="td11"><!--l. 83--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-2-2-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-2-1"  
class="td11"><!--l. 85--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>0</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-2-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 85--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>0</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-2-3"  
class="td11"><!--l. 85--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-2-4"  
class="td11"><!--l. 85--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-2-5"  
class="td11"><!--l. 85--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-2-3-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-3-1"  
class="td11"><!--l. 86--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-3-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 86--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-3-3"  
class="td11"><!--l. 86--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>0</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-3-4"  
class="td11"><!--l. 86--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-3-5"  
class="td11"><!--l. 86--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-2-4-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-4-1"  
class="td11"><!--l. 87--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-4-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 87--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-4-3"  
class="td11"><!--l. 87--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-4-4"  
class="td11"><!--l. 87--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>0</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-4-5"  
class="td11"><!--l. 87--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-2-5-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-5-1"  
class="td11"><!--l. 88--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-5-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 88--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-5-3"  
class="td11"><!--l. 88--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-5-4"  
class="td11"><!--l. 88--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-5-5"  
class="td11"><!--l. 88--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>0</mn></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-2-6-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-6-1"  
class="td11">                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr></table>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </div>  </td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-1-2"  
class="td11">          </td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-1-3"  
class="td11">  <!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
frame="border" id="TBL-3-" ><colgroup id="TBL-3-1g"><col 
id="TBL-3-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-3-2g"><col 
id="TBL-3-2" /><col 
id="TBL-3-3" /><col 
id="TBL-3-4" /></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-3-1-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-1-1"  
class="td11"><!--l. 91--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">&#x22C5;</mo></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-1-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 91--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-1-3"  
class="td11"><!--l. 91--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-1-4"  
class="td11"><!--l. 91--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-3-2-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-2-1"  
class="td11"><!--l. 93--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-2-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 93--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-2-3"  
class="td11"><!--l. 93--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-2-4"  
class="td11"><!--l. 93--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-3-3-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-3-1"  
class="td11"><!--l. 94--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-3-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 94--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-3-3"  
class="td11"><!--l. 94--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-3-4"  
class="td11"><!--l. 94--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-3-4-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-4-1"  
class="td11"><!--l. 95--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-4-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 95--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-4-3"  
class="td11"><!--l. 95--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn></math></td><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-4-4"  
class="td11"><!--l. 95--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-3-5-"><td  align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-5-1"  
class="td11">                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr></table>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </div>  </td>
</tr></table>
</div></div>
<!--l. 99--><p class="noindent">Taulussa esimerkiksi tulo <!--l. 99--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math>
laskettiin seuraavasti:
</p>
<div class="math-display"><!--l. 100--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" ><mrow 
>
         <mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>x</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2212;</mo><mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>I</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn><!--mstyle 
class="text"--><mtext >.</mtext><!--/mstyle-->
</mrow></math></div>
<!--l. 100--><p class="nopar">Tauluja apuna k&#x00E4;ytt&#x00E4;en todetaan, ett&#x00E4;
<!--l. 101--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math> on
polynomin <!--l. 102--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover></math>
nollakohta. Nimitt&#x00E4;in
</p>
<div class="math-display"><!--l. 103--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" ><mrow 
>
                          <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mover accent="false" 
class="mml-overline"><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mo 
accent="true">&#x00AF;</mo></mover><!--mstyle 
class="text"--><mtext >.</mtext><!--/mstyle-->
</mrow></math></div>
<!--l. 103--><p class="nopar">
</p><!--l. 106--><p class="noindent"><span 
class="aebx-10">Linkkej</span><span 
class="aebx-10">&#x00E4;</span>
</p><!--l. 107--><p class="noindent"><a 
href="smr285.xml" >Esimerkkej&#x00E4; polynomirenkaista</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="smr287.xml" >Polynomirenkaan j&#x00E4;&#x00E4;nn&#x00F6;sluokkarenkaasta</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="smr288.xml" >Kuntalaajennus polynomirenkaassa</a>
<br class="newline" />
<br class="newline" />
                                                                                 
                                                                                 
</p><!--l. 111--><p class="noindent"><span 
class="aeti-10">Sanna Ranto </span>20.12.2002
</p>
 
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