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<h3 class="likesectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-1000"></a>Vektoriavaruus</h3>
<!--l. 40--><p class="noindent">Joukko <!--l. 40--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>V</mi> </math>
on vektoriavaruus, mik&#x00E4;li sen kaikille alkioille on m&#x00E4;&#x00E4;ritelty
yksik&#x00E4;sitteiset laskutoimitukset summa ja skalaarilla kertominen
siten, ett&#x00E4; niiden lopputulos on my&#x00F6;skin joukon
<!--l. 42--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>V</mi> </math> alkio. Toisin
sanoen kaikilla <!--l. 43--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></math>
ja <!--l. 43--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>y</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2208;</mo> <mi 
>V</mi> </math> sek&#x00E4;
<!--l. 43--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2208;</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi></math>, miss&#x00E4;
<!--l. 44--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi></math> on kerroinkunta,
esimerkiksi <!--l. 45--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x211D;</mi></math>
tai <!--l. 45--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x2102;</mi></math>,
p&#x00E4;tee
</p>
<div class="par-math-display"><!--l. 47--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" ><mrow 
>
                            <mspace width="0em" class="thinspace"/><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>y</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2208;</mo> <mi 
>V</mi> <mspace width="1em" class="quad"/><!--mstyle 
class="text"--><mtext >ja</mtext><!--/mstyle-->
                             <mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2208;</mo> <mi 
>V</mi> <!--mstyle 
class="text"--><mtext >.</mtext><!--/mstyle-->
</mrow></math></div>
<!--l. 52--><p class="nopar">
</p><!--l. 54--><p class="noindent">T&#x00E4;ll&#x00F6;in joukon <!--l. 54--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>V</mi> </math>
sanotaan olevan suljettu yhteenlaskun ja skalaarilla kertomisen suhteen.
</p><!--l. 57--><p class="noindent">Lis&#x00E4;ksi, jotta <!--l. 57--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>V</mi> </math>
olisi vektoriavaruus, tulee sen t&#x00E4;ytt&#x00E4;&#x00E4; seuraavat ehdot kaikilla
<!--l. 58--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></math>,
<!--l. 58--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>y</mi></mstyle></math> ja
<!--l. 58--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>z</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2208;</mo> <mi 
>V</mi> </math> sek&#x00E4;
<!--l. 58--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math> ja
<!--l. 58--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2208;</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi></math>.
</p>
                                                                  

                                                                  
     <ul class="itemize1">
     <li class="itemize"><!--l. 62--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>y</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>y</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></math>
     (yhteenlaskun vaihdannaisuus)
     </li>
     <li class="itemize"><!--l. 64--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>y</mi></mstyle></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>z</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>y</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>z</mi></mstyle></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>
     (yhteenlaskun liit&#x00E4;nn&#x00E4;isyys)
     </li>
     <li class="itemize">On olemassa <!--l. 66--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></math>
     siten, ett&#x00E4; <!--l. 66--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mn>0</mn></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></math>
     (nolla-alkion olemassaolo)
     </li>
     <li class="itemize">Jokaiselle <!--l. 69--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></math>
     on olemassa <!--l. 69--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2212;</mo><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></math>
     siten, ett&#x00E4; <!--l. 69--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2212;</mo><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></math>
     (vasta-alkion olemassaolo)
     </li>
     <li class="itemize"><!--l. 72--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></math>
     (osittelulaki)
     </li>
     <li class="itemize"><!--l. 74--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>y</mi></mstyle></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>y</mi></mstyle></math>
     (osittelulaki)
     </li>
     <li class="itemize"><!--l. 76--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></math>
     (tulon liit&#x00E4;nt&#x00E4;laki)
     </li>
     <li class="itemize"><!--l. 78--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></math>
     (ykk&#x00F6;sell&#x00E4; kertominen)</li></ul>
<!--l. 87--><p class="noindent">Ehdosta iii) seuraa, ett&#x00E4; vektoriavaruudessa on ainakin alkio
<!--l. 87--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></math>.
Mit&#x00E4;&#x00E4;n muuta vektoriavaruudessa ei tarvitsekaan olla, joten suppein
vektoriavaruus koostuu vain yhdest&#x00E4; alkiosta. Sovellusten kannalta kyseinen
vektoriavaruus on kuitenkin melko hy&#x00F6;dyt&#x00F6;n.
</p><!--l. 92--><p class="noindent">Lis&#x00E4;ksi ehdoista seuraa, ett&#x00E4; nollavektori
<!--l. 92--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mn>0</mn></mstyle></math> sek&#x00E4;
<!--l. 92--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></math>:n
vastavektori <!--l. 93--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2212;</mo><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi 
>x</mi></mstyle></math>
ovat yksik&#x00E4;sitteisi&#x00E4;.
                                                                  

                                                                  
</p><!--l. 95--><p class="noindent">Esimerkkej&#x00E4; vektoriavaruuksista ovat korkeintaan astetta
<!--l. 95--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>n</mi></math> olevien polynomien
joukko kerroinkuntanaan <!--l. 96--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi mathvariant="double-struck">&#x211D;</mi></math>
tai joukko <!--l. 96--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-open">{</mo><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">}</mo></mrow></math>,
miss&#x00E4; yhteenlasku on m&#x00E4;&#x00E4;ritelty siten, ett&#x00E4;
<!--l. 98--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>1</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn></math>.
</p><!--l. 100--><p class="noindent"><span 
class="aebx-10">Linkkej</span><span 
class="aebx-10">&#x00E4;</span>
</p><!--l. 101--><p class="noindent"><a 
href="vektorialiavaruus.xml" >Vektorialiavaruus</a>
<br class="newline" /> <a 
href="kanta.xml" >Kanta</a>
<br class="newline" /> <a 
href="dimensio.xml" >Dimensio</a>
<br class="newline" />
<br class="newline" />
<span 
class="aeti-10">Ossi Mauno    </span>29.10.2004
</p>
 
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