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<head>
<title>lin3ev.html</title>
<!-- Created by Maple 8.00, IBM INTEL NT -->
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<a href="../mpl/lin3ev.mws" target="_blank">lin3ev.mws</a>

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<p align="center">
<b><u><font color="#000000" size="5">Vakioiden variointi kolmannen kertaluvun yhtälölle</font></u></b>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Olkoon tarkasteltavana kolmannen kertaluvun lineaarinen epähomogeeninen differentiaaliyhtälö </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">diffyht:= (x-1)*diff(y(x), x$3)-x*diff(y(x), x$2)+diff(y(x), x)=exp(x^2);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>diffyht</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
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        <mrow>
          <mfenced>
            <mrow>
              <mi>x</mi>
              <mo>-</mo>
              <mn>1</mn>
            </mrow>
          </mfenced>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mrow>
              <mfrac>
                <msup>
                  <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                  <mn>3</mn>
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                <msup>
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                    <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                    <mi>x</mi>
                  </mrow>
                  <mn>3</mn>
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              <mrow>
                <mi>y</mi>
                <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
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        <mo>-</mo>
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          <mi>x</mi>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mrow>
              <mfrac>
                <msup>
                  <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                  <mn>2</mn>
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                <msup>
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                    <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                    <mi>x</mi>
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                  <mn>2</mn>
                </msup>
              </mfrac>
              <mrow>
                <mi>y</mi>
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                  <mi>x</mi>
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        </mrow>
        <mo>+</mo>
        <mrow>
          <mfrac>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mrow>
              <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
              <mi>x</mi>
            </mrow>
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          <mrow>
            <mi>y</mi>
            <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
            <mfenced>
              <mi>x</mi>
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      <mo>=</mo>
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            <mn>2</mn>
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</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Vastaava homogeeniyhtälö on </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">homogyht:= lhs(diffyht)=0;</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>homogyht</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mfenced>
            <mrow>
              <mi>x</mi>
              <mo>-</mo>
              <mn>1</mn>
            </mrow>
          </mfenced>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mrow>
              <mfrac>
                <msup>
                  <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                  <mn>3</mn>
                </msup>
                <msup>
                  <mrow>
                    <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                    <mi>x</mi>
                  </mrow>
                  <mn>3</mn>
                </msup>
              </mfrac>
              <mrow>
                <mi>y</mi>
                <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
                <mfenced>
                  <mi>x</mi>
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            </mrow>
          </mfenced>
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        <mo>-</mo>
        <mrow>
          <mi>x</mi>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mrow>
              <mfrac>
                <msup>
                  <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                </msup>
                <msup>
                  <mrow>
                    <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                    <mi>x</mi>
                  </mrow>
                  <mn>2</mn>
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              <mrow>
                <mi>y</mi>
                <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
                <mfenced>
                  <mi>x</mi>
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            </mrow>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
        <mo>+</mo>
        <mrow>
          <mfrac>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mrow>
              <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
              <mi>x</mi>
            </mrow>
          </mfrac>
          <mrow>
            <mi>y</mi>
            <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
            <mfenced>
              <mi>x</mi>
            </mfenced>
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        </mrow>
      </mrow>
      <mo>=</mo>
      <mn>0</mn>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Tämän ratkaisut ovat suhteellisen yksinkertaiset ja pienellä pohdiskelulla arvattavissa. Jos </font>
<i><font color="#000000">y</font></i>
<font color="#000000">:n paikalle sijoitetaan eksponenttifunktio, niin yhtälö toteutuu: </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">subs(y(x)=exp(x), homogyht):<br />
simplify(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mn>0</mn>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Samoin käy, jos sijoitetaan funktio </font>
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <msup>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mn>2</mn>
  </msup>
</math>
<font color="#000000">:</font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">subs(y(x)=x^2, homogyht):<br />
simplify(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mn>0</mn>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Kolmanneksi perusratkaisuksi sopii vakiofunktio, joka kaikkialla saa arvon 1:</font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">subs(y(x)=1, homogyht):<br />
simplify(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mn>0</mn>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Homogeeniyhtälön perusjärjestelmä on siten </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">perusjarj:= [exp(x), x^2, 1];</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>perusjarj</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mfenced open='[' close=']'>
      <msup>
        <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </msup>
      <msup>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
      </msup>
      <mn>1</mn>
    </mfenced>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<b><font color="#000000">Linalg</font></b>
<font color="#000000">-paketista löytyvällä </font>
<b><font color="#000000">multiply</font></b>
<font color="#000000">-komennolla voidaan laskea matriisituloja. Kun kyseessä on kaksi vektoria, on tuloksena pistetulo. Ladataan paketti käyttöön.</font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">with(linalg):</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="left">
<tt><pre><font color="#0000FF" size="2">Warning, the protected names norm and trace have been redefined and unprotected<br />
</font></pre></tt>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Homogeeniyhtälön yleinen ratkaisu on:</font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">homogrtk:= multiply(perusjarj, [_C1, _C2, _C3]);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>homogrtk</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mi>_C1</mi>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <msup>
          <mi>x</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </msup>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mi>_C2</mi>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mi>_C3</mi>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Epähomogeenisen yhtälön yksittäisratkaisu voidaan hakea vakioiden varioinnilla, jolloin yrite on </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">variot:= [u(x), v(x), w(x)];</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>variot</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mfenced open='[' close=']'>
      <mrow>
        <mi>u</mi>
        <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
        <mfenced>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </mfenced>
      </mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mi>v</mi>
        <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
        <mfenced>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </mfenced>
      </mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mi>w</mi>
        <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
        <mfenced>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </mfenced>
      </mrow>
    </mfenced>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">yr0:= multiply(variot, perusjarj);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>yr0</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mi>u</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mi>v</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>x</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mi>w</mi>
        <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
        <mfenced>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </mfenced>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Tämä sijoitetaan differentiaaliyhtälöön ja pyritään määrittämään sellaiset funktiot u(</font>
<i><font color="#000000">x</font></i>
<font color="#000000">), v(</font>
<i><font color="#000000">x</font></i>
<font color="#000000">) ja w(</font>
<i><font color="#000000">x</font></i>
<font color="#000000">), että yhtälö toteutuu. Laskua yksinkertaistetaan kuten toisen kertaluvun yhtälön tapauksessakin asettamalla sopivia lisäehtoja. Toisen kertaluvun tapauksessa näitä on yksi, kolmannen kertaluvun tapauksessa kaksi. </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Kerätään derivaatat listaksi: </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">derivaatat:= diff(variot, x);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>derivaatat</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mfenced open='[' close=']'>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>u</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>v</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>w</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
    </mfenced>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Muodostetaan yritteen derivaatta </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">der1:= diff(yr0, x);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>der1</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfenced>
          <mrow>
            <mfrac>
              <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfrac>
            <mrow>
              <mi>u</mi>
              <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
              <mfenced>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mfenced>
            </mrow>
          </mrow>
        </mfenced>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mi>u</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mfenced>
          <mrow>
            <mfrac>
              <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfrac>
            <mrow>
              <mi>v</mi>
              <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
              <mfenced>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mfenced>
            </mrow>
          </mrow>
        </mfenced>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>x</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mn>2</mn>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mi>v</mi>
            <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
            <mfenced>
              <mi>x</mi>
            </mfenced>
          </mrow>
        </mrow>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>w</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">ja yksinkertaistetaan sitä asettamalla funktioiden </font>
<i><font color="#000000">u</font></i>
<font color="#000000">, </font>
<i><font color="#000000">v</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;ja </font>
<i><font color="#000000">w</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;derivaattoja sisältävien termien summa nollaksi: </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">termit1:= [seq(coeff(der1, derivaatat[k]), k=1..3)];</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>termit1</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mfenced open='[' close=']'>
      <msup>
        <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </msup>
      <msup>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
      </msup>
      <mn>1</mn>
    </mfenced>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">nollatermi1:= multiply(termit1, derivaatat);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>nollatermi1</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfenced>
          <mrow>
            <mfrac>
              <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfrac>
            <mrow>
              <mi>u</mi>
              <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
              <mfenced>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mfenced>
            </mrow>
          </mrow>
        </mfenced>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mfenced>
          <mrow>
            <mfrac>
              <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfrac>
            <mrow>
              <mi>v</mi>
              <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
              <mfenced>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mfenced>
            </mrow>
          </mrow>
        </mfenced>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>x</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>w</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Tällöin derivaatta on </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">yr1:= simplify(der1, {nollatermi1=0});<br />
</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>yr1</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mi>u</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mn>2</mn>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mi>v</mi>
            <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
            <mfenced>
              <mi>x</mi>
            </mfenced>
          </mrow>
        </mrow>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Edellä on käytetty komentoja tarvittavan lisäehdon muodostamiseen ja derivaatan yksinkertaistamiseen. Tämä on luontevaa kirjoitettaessa ohjelmakoodia </font>
<i><font color="#000000">Maple</font></i>
<font color="#000000">lle, mutta interaktiivisessa laskennassa on yksinkertaisempaa poimia tarvittavat termit hiirellä. <br />
<br />
Vastaavalla tavalla muodostetaan yritteen toinen derivaatta, asetetaan toinen lisäehto ja yksinkertaistetaan derivaattaa: <br />
</font>
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">der2:= diff(yr1, x);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>der2</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfenced>
          <mrow>
            <mfrac>
              <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfrac>
            <mrow>
              <mi>u</mi>
              <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
              <mfenced>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mfenced>
            </mrow>
          </mrow>
        </mfenced>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mi>u</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mn>2</mn>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mrow>
              <mfrac>
                <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                <mrow>
                  <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                </mrow>
              </mfrac>
              <mrow>
                <mi>v</mi>
                <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
                <mfenced>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                </mfenced>
              </mrow>
            </mrow>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mn>2</mn>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mrow>
          <mi>v</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">termit2:= [seq(coeff(der2, derivaatat[k]), k=1..3)];</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>termit2</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mfenced open='[' close=']'>
      <msup>
        <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </msup>
      <mrow>
        <mn>2</mn>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </mrow>
      <mn>0</mn>
    </mfenced>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">nollatermi2:= multiply(termit2, derivaatat);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>nollatermi2</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfenced>
          <mrow>
            <mfrac>
              <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfrac>
            <mrow>
              <mi>u</mi>
              <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
              <mfenced>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mfenced>
            </mrow>
          </mrow>
        </mfenced>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mn>2</mn>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mrow>
              <mfrac>
                <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                <mrow>
                  <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                </mrow>
              </mfrac>
              <mrow>
                <mi>v</mi>
                <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
                <mfenced>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                </mfenced>
              </mrow>
            </mrow>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">yr2:= simplify(der2, {nollatermi2=0});</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>yr2</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mi>u</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mn>2</mn>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mrow>
          <mi>v</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Yritteen kolmas derivaatta saadaan yksinkertaisesti derivoimalla; lisäehtoja ei enää aseteta: </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">yr3:= diff(yr2, x);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mi>yr3</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>:=</mo>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfenced>
          <mrow>
            <mfrac>
              <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfrac>
            <mrow>
              <mi>u</mi>
              <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
              <mfenced>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mfenced>
            </mrow>
          </mrow>
        </mfenced>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mi>u</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mn>2</mn>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mfenced>
          <mrow>
            <mfrac>
              <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfrac>
            <mrow>
              <mi>v</mi>
              <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
              <mfenced>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mfenced>
            </mrow>
          </mrow>
        </mfenced>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Yritteen derivaatat sijoitetaan differentiaaliyhtälöön, jolloin saadaan vain funktioiden </font>
<i><font color="#000000">u</font></i>
<font color="#000000">, </font>
<i><font color="#000000">v</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;ja </font>
<i><font color="#000000">w</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;derivaattoja koskeva ehto. Funktiot itse supistuvat pois; tämä on seurausta siitä, että yrite muodostetaan homogeeniyhtälön ratkaisujen avulla. </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">ehto:= subs({diff(y(x), x$3)=yr3, diff(y(x), x$2)=yr2, diff(y(x), x)=yr1, y(x)=yr0}, diffyht):<br />
factor(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mfenced>
        <mrow>
          <mi>x</mi>
          <mo>-</mo>
          <mn>1</mn>
        </mrow>
      </mfenced>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <mfenced>
        <mrow>
          <mrow>
            <mfenced>
              <mrow>
                <mfrac>
                  <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                  <mrow>
                    <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                    <mi>x</mi>
                  </mrow>
                </mfrac>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>u</mi>
                  <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
                  <mfenced>
                    <mi>x</mi>
                  </mfenced>
                </mrow>
              </mrow>
            </mfenced>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <msup>
              <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
              <mi>x</mi>
            </msup>
          </mrow>
          <mo>+</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mn>2</mn>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <mfenced>
              <mrow>
                <mfrac>
                  <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                  <mrow>
                    <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
                    <mi>x</mi>
                  </mrow>
                </mfrac>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>v</mi>
                  <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
                  <mfenced>
                    <mi>x</mi>
                  </mfenced>
                </mrow>
              </mrow>
            </mfenced>
          </mrow>
        </mrow>
      </mfenced>
    </mrow>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <msup>
      <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
      <mfenced>
        <msup>
          <mi>x</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </msup>
      </mfenced>
    </msup>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Derivaatat saadaan ratkaistuiksi tästä ehdosta ja aiemmin asetetuista lisäehdoista: </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">derivrtk:= solve({ehto, nollatermi1=0, nollatermi2=0}, {derivaatat[]}):<br />
simplify(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mfenced open='{' close='}'>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>v</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
      <mo>=</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mo>-</mo>
        <mrow>
          <mfrac>
            <mn>1</mn>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </mfrac>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mfrac>
            <msup>
              <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
              <mfenced>
                <msup>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                </msup>
              </mfenced>
            </msup>
            <mrow>
              <mrow>
                <mo>-</mo>
                <mrow>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                  <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                </mrow>
              </mrow>
              <mo>+</mo>
              <mn>1</mn>
              <mo>+</mo>
              <msup>
                <mi>x</mi>
                <mn>2</mn>
              </msup>
            </mrow>
          </mfrac>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>w</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
      <mo>=</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mn>1</mn>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </mfrac>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mfrac>
          <mrow>
            <mrow>
              <mi>x</mi>
              <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
              <msup>
                <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
                <mfenced>
                  <msup>
                    <mi>x</mi>
                    <mn>2</mn>
                  </msup>
                </mfenced>
              </msup>
            </mrow>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <mfenced>
              <mrow>
                <mn>-2</mn>
                <mo>+</mo>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfenced>
          </mrow>
          <mrow>
            <mrow>
              <mo>-</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mn>2</mn>
                <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                <mi>x</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mrow>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <mn>1</mn>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <msup>
              <mi>x</mi>
              <mn>2</mn>
            </msup>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>u</mi>
          <mo>&ApplyFunction;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
      <mo>=</mo>
      <mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>x</mi>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <msup>
            <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
            <mfenced>
              <mrow>
                <mi>x</mi>
                <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                <mfenced>
                  <mrow>
                    <mi>x</mi>
                    <mo>-</mo>
                    <mn>1</mn>
                  </mrow>
                </mfenced>
              </mrow>
            </mfenced>
          </msup>
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mrow>
            <mo>-</mo>
            <mrow>
              <mn>2</mn>
              <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
              <mi>x</mi>
            </mrow>
          </mrow>
          <mo>+</mo>
          <mn>1</mn>
          <mo>+</mo>
          <msup>
            <mi>x</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </msup>
        </mrow>
      </mfrac>
    </mrow>
  </mfenced>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Funktiot </font>
<i><font color="#000000">u</font></i>
<font color="#000000">, </font>
<i><font color="#000000">v</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;ja </font>
<i><font color="#000000">w</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;saadaan tämän jälkeen integroimalla. Selkeintä on laskea funktiot määrättyinä integraaleina alarajan ollessa mielivaltainen. Maplessa listojen integrointi tehdään integroimalla jokainen alkio erikseen </font>
<b><font color="#000000">map</font></b>
<font color="#000000">-komennon avulla: </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">integroitavat:= subs(x=t, subs(derivrtk,derivaatat)):<br />
simplify(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mfenced open='[' close=']'>
    <mfrac>
      <mrow>
        <mi>t</mi>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
          <mfenced>
            <mrow>
              <mi>t</mi>
              <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
              <mfenced>
                <mrow>
                  <mn>-1</mn>
                  <mo>+</mo>
                  <mi>t</mi>
                </mrow>
              </mfenced>
            </mrow>
          </mfenced>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mo>-</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mn>2</mn>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <mi>t</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mrow>
        <mo>+</mo>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mo>+</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>t</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </msup>
      </mrow>
    </mfrac>
    <mrow>
      <mo>-</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mn>1</mn>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </mfrac>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mfrac>
          <msup>
            <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
            <mfenced>
              <msup>
                <mi>t</mi>
                <mn>2</mn>
              </msup>
            </mfenced>
          </msup>
          <mrow>
            <mrow>
              <mo>-</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mn>2</mn>
                <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                <mi>t</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mrow>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <mn>1</mn>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <msup>
              <mi>t</mi>
              <mn>2</mn>
            </msup>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mn>2</mn>
      </mfrac>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mrow>
            <mi>t</mi>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <msup>
              <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
              <mfenced>
                <msup>
                  <mi>t</mi>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                </msup>
              </mfenced>
            </msup>
          </mrow>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mfenced>
            <mrow>
              <mn>-2</mn>
              <mo>+</mo>
              <mi>t</mi>
            </mrow>
          </mfenced>
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mrow>
            <mo>-</mo>
            <mrow>
              <mn>2</mn>
              <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
              <mi>t</mi>
            </mrow>
          </mrow>
          <mo>+</mo>
          <mn>1</mn>
          <mo>+</mo>
          <msup>
            <mi>t</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </msup>
        </mrow>
      </mfrac>
    </mrow>
  </mfenced>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">fktrtk:= map(int, integroitavat, t=a..x):<br />
simplify(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mfenced open='[' close=']'>
    <mrow>
      <munderover>
        <mo>&Integral;</mo>
        <mi>a</mi>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </munderover>
      <mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>t</mi>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <msup>
            <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
            <mfenced>
              <mrow>
                <mi>t</mi>
                <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                <mfenced>
                  <mrow>
                    <mn>-1</mn>
                    <mo>+</mo>
                    <mi>t</mi>
                  </mrow>
                </mfenced>
              </mrow>
            </mfenced>
          </msup>
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
          <mrow>
            <mo>-</mo>
            <mrow>
              <mn>2</mn>
              <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
              <mi>t</mi>
            </mrow>
          </mrow>
          <mo>+</mo>
          <mn>1</mn>
          <mo>+</mo>
          <msup>
            <mi>t</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </msup>
        </mrow>
      </mfrac>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
        <mi>t</mi>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mo>-</mo>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mn>1</mn>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </mfrac>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mrow>
          <munderover>
            <mo>&Integral;</mo>
            <mi>a</mi>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </munderover>
          <mfrac>
            <msup>
              <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
              <mfenced>
                <msup>
                  <mi>t</mi>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                </msup>
              </mfenced>
            </msup>
            <mrow>
              <mrow>
                <mo>-</mo>
                <mrow>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                  <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                  <mi>t</mi>
                </mrow>
              </mrow>
              <mo>+</mo>
              <mn>1</mn>
              <mo>+</mo>
              <msup>
                <mi>t</mi>
                <mn>2</mn>
              </msup>
            </mrow>
          </mfrac>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mi>t</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mn>2</mn>
      </mfrac>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <mrow>
        <munderover>
          <mo>&Integral;</mo>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </munderover>
        <mfrac>
          <mrow>
            <mrow>
              <mi>t</mi>
              <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
              <msup>
                <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
                <mfenced>
                  <msup>
                    <mi>t</mi>
                    <mn>2</mn>
                  </msup>
                </mfenced>
              </msup>
            </mrow>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <mfenced>
              <mrow>
                <mn>-2</mn>
                <mo>+</mo>
                <mi>t</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfenced>
          </mrow>
          <mrow>
            <mrow>
              <mo>-</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mn>2</mn>
                <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                <mi>t</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mrow>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <mn>1</mn>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <msup>
              <mi>t</mi>
              <mn>2</mn>
            </msup>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mrow>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mi>t</mi>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
  </mfenced>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Esiintyviä integraaleja ei onnistuta lausumaan alkeisfunktioiden tai </font>
<i><font color="#000000">Maple</font></i>
<font color="#000000">n tuntemien funktioiden avulla. </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Vakioiden varioinnilla on kuitenkin löydetty yksittäisratkaisu:</font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">y0:= multiply(fktrtk, perusjarj):<br />
simplify(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <munderover>
          <mo>&Integral;</mo>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </munderover>
        <mfrac>
          <mrow>
            <mi>t</mi>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <msup>
              <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
              <mfenced>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>t</mi>
                  <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                  <mfenced>
                    <mrow>
                      <mn>-1</mn>
                      <mo>+</mo>
                      <mi>t</mi>
                    </mrow>
                  </mfenced>
                </mrow>
              </mfenced>
            </msup>
          </mrow>
          <mrow>
            <mrow>
              <mo>-</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mn>2</mn>
                <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                <mi>t</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mrow>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <mn>1</mn>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <msup>
              <mi>t</mi>
              <mn>2</mn>
            </msup>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mrow>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mi>t</mi>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <msup>
        <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </msup>
    </mrow>
    <mo>-</mo>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mn>1</mn>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </mfrac>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mrow>
          <munderover>
            <mo>&Integral;</mo>
            <mi>a</mi>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </munderover>
          <mfrac>
            <msup>
              <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
              <mfenced>
                <msup>
                  <mi>t</mi>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                </msup>
              </mfenced>
            </msup>
            <mrow>
              <mrow>
                <mo>-</mo>
                <mrow>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                  <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                  <mi>t</mi>
                </mrow>
              </mrow>
              <mo>+</mo>
              <mn>1</mn>
              <mo>+</mo>
              <msup>
                <mi>t</mi>
                <mn>2</mn>
              </msup>
            </mrow>
          </mfrac>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mi>t</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <msup>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
      </msup>
    </mrow>
    <mo>+</mo>
    <mrow>
      <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mn>2</mn>
      </mfrac>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <mrow>
        <munderover>
          <mo>&Integral;</mo>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </munderover>
        <mfrac>
          <mrow>
            <mrow>
              <mi>t</mi>
              <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
              <msup>
                <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
                <mfenced>
                  <msup>
                    <mi>t</mi>
                    <mn>2</mn>
                  </msup>
                </mfenced>
              </msup>
            </mrow>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <mfenced>
              <mrow>
                <mn>-2</mn>
                <mo>+</mo>
                <mi>t</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfenced>
          </mrow>
          <mrow>
            <mrow>
              <mo>-</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mn>2</mn>
                <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                <mi>t</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mrow>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <mn>1</mn>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <msup>
              <mi>t</mi>
              <mn>2</mn>
            </msup>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mrow>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mi>t</mi>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Ratkaisu voidaan sijoittaa differentiaaliyhtälöön ja tarkistaa, toteutuuko yhtälö: </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">subs(y(x)=y0, diffyht):<br />
simplify(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <msup>
      <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
      <mfenced>
        <msup>
          <mi>x</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </msup>
      </mfenced>
    </msup>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <msup>
      <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
      <mfenced>
        <msup>
          <mi>x</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </msup>
      </mfenced>
    </msup>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Differentiaaliyhtälön yleinen ratkaisu on siis </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">homogrtk+y0:<br />
simplify(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML'>
  <mrow>
    <mrow>
      <msup>
        <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </msup>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <mi>_C1</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mo>+</mo>
    <mrow>
      <msup>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
      </msup>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <mi>_C2</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mo>+</mo>
    <mi>_C3</mi>
    <mo>+</mo>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <munderover>
          <mo>&Integral;</mo>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </munderover>
        <mfrac>
          <mrow>
            <mi>t</mi>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <msup>
              <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
              <mfenced>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>t</mi>
                  <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                  <mfenced>
                    <mrow>
                      <mn>-1</mn>
                      <mo>+</mo>
                      <mi>t</mi>
                    </mrow>
                  </mfenced>
                </mrow>
              </mfenced>
            </msup>
          </mrow>
          <mrow>
            <mrow>
              <mo>-</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mn>2</mn>
                <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                <mi>t</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mrow>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <mn>1</mn>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <msup>
              <mi>t</mi>
              <mn>2</mn>
            </msup>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mrow>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mi>t</mi>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <msup>
        <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
        <mi>x</mi>
      </msup>
    </mrow>
    <mo>-</mo>
    <mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mfrac>
          <mn>1</mn>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </mfrac>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mrow>
          <munderover>
            <mo>&Integral;</mo>
            <mi>a</mi>
            <mi>x</mi>
          </munderover>
          <mfrac>
            <msup>
              <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
              <mfenced>
                <msup>
                  <mi>t</mi>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                </msup>
              </mfenced>
            </msup>
            <mrow>
              <mrow>
                <mo>-</mo>
                <mrow>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                  <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                  <mi>t</mi>
                </mrow>
              </mrow>
              <mo>+</mo>
              <mn>1</mn>
              <mo>+</mo>
              <msup>
                <mi>t</mi>
                <mn>2</mn>
              </msup>
            </mrow>
          </mfrac>
          <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
            <mi>t</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <msup>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
      </msup>
    </mrow>
    <mo>+</mo>
    <mrow>
      <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mn>2</mn>
      </mfrac>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <mrow>
        <munderover>
          <mo>&Integral;</mo>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mi>x</mi>
        </munderover>
        <mfrac>
          <mrow>
            <mrow>
              <mi>t</mi>
              <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
              <msup>
                <mi>&ExponentialE;</mi>
                <mfenced>
                  <msup>
                    <mi>t</mi>
                    <mn>2</mn>
                  </msup>
                </mfenced>
              </msup>
            </mrow>
            <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
            <mfenced>
              <mrow>
                <mn>-2</mn>
                <mo>+</mo>
                <mi>t</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfenced>
          </mrow>
          <mrow>
            <mrow>
              <mo>-</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mn>2</mn>
                <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
                <mi>t</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mrow>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <mn>1</mn>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <msup>
              <mi>t</mi>
              <mn>2</mn>
            </msup>
          </mrow>
        </mfrac>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <mrow>
          <mo>&DifferentialD;</mo>
          <mi>t</mi>
        </mrow>
      </mrow>
    </mrow>
  </mrow>
</math>
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"></td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Nimittäjien nollakohdan takia tarkastelualue on joko </font>
<i><font color="#000000">x</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;&lt; 1 tai </font>
<i><font color="#000000">x</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;&gt; 1. Integraalin alaraja on valittava siitä alueesta, jota tarkastellaan.</font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Lukija tutkikoon, miten </font>
<i><font color="#000000">Maple</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;ratkaisee edellä käsitellyn yhtälön suoraan </font>
<b><font color="#000000">dsolve</font></b>
<font color="#000000">-komennolla. </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>

<p><b>Linkkejä</b></p>


 <a href="../xml/lineph.xml">epähomogeenisen yhtälön ratkaisujoukko</a><br/>
<a href="../xml/algl2e.xml">vakioiden variointi toisen kertaluvun yhtälön tapauksessa</a><br/>
<a href="../xml/alglkk.xml">korkeampien kertalukujen lineaariyhtälöt</a><br/>

<p align="left">
<i><font color="#000000">SKK &amp; MS 03.01.2001</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font>
</p>




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