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<head>
<title>numabj.html</title>
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<a href="../mpl/numabj.mws" target="_blank">numabj.mws</a>

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<p align="center">
<b><u><font color="#000000" size="5">Adamsin - Bashforthin menetelmän johto</font></u></b>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Integroimalla differentiaaliyhtälö </font>
<i><font color="#000000">y</font></i>
<font color="#000000">' = f(</font>
<i><font color="#000000">x</font></i>
<font color="#000000">, </font>
<i><font color="#000000">y</font></i>
<font color="#000000">) puolittain välin </font>
<img src="images/numabj1.gif" width="95" height="32" alt="[x[k], x[k+1]]" align="middle" />
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;yli saadaan</font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="center">
<img src="images/numabj2.gif" width="285" height="92" alt="y(x[k+1])-y(x[k]) = int(f(x,y(x)),x = x[k] .. x[k+1])" align="middle" />
<font color="#000000">.</font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Adamsin Â– Bashforthin menetelmässä integraalille lasketaan approksimaatio korvaamalla funktio f(</font>
<i><font color="#000000">x</font></i>
<font color="#000000">, </font>
<i><font color="#000000">y</font></i>
<font color="#000000">(</font>
<i><font color="#000000">x</font></i>
<font color="#000000">)) kolmannen asteen interpolaatiopolynomilla. Tämän tukipisteinä (so. pisteinä, joiden kautta polynomin kuvaaja kulkee) ovat neljä edellistä jo laskettua pistettä (</font>
<img src="images/numabj3.gif" width="88" height="32" alt="x[j], f(x[j],y[j])" align="middle" />
<font color="#000000">), </font>
<i><font color="#000000">j</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;= </font>
<i><font color="#000000">k</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;- 3, </font>
<i><font color="#000000">k</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;- 2, </font>
<i><font color="#000000">k</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;- 1, </font>
<i><font color="#000000">k</font></i>
<font color="#000000">.</font>
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</p>
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<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">tukipisteet:= x[k]-3*h, x[k]-2*h, x[k]-h, x[k];</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<img src="images/numabj4.gif" width="290" height="27" alt="tukipisteet := x[k]-3*h, x[k]-2*h, x[k]-h, x[k]" />
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">funktionarvot:= f[k-3], f[k-2], f[k-1], f[k];</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<img src="images/numabj5.gif" width="276" height="27" alt="funktionarvot := f[k-3], f[k-2], f[k-1], f[k]" />
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Interpolaatiopolynomi (muuttujana </font>
<i><font color="#000000">t</font></i>
<font color="#000000">) saadaan </font>
<b><font color="#000000">interp</font></b>
<font color="#000000">-komennolla, joka löytyy </font>
<b><font color="#000000">linalg</font></b>
<font color="#000000">-paketista:</font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
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<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">with(linalg):</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="left">
<tt><pre><font color="#0000FF" size="2">Warning, the protected names norm and trace have been redefined and unprotected<br />
</font></pre></tt>
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">p:= interp([tukipisteet], [funktionarvot], t):<br />
expand(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="left">
<img src="images/numabj6.gif" width="883" height="70" alt="-1/6*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-3]+1/2*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-2]-1/2*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-1]+1/6*1/h^3*t^3*f[k]+1/h^2*f[k]*x[k]^2+11/6*1/h*t*f[k]-1/3*1/h*t*f[k-3]-3/h*t*f[k-1]+3/2*1/h*t*f[k-2]+2/h^2*t^2*f[k-2]-1/2*1/h^2*t^2*f[k-3]..." />
<br />
<img src="images/numabj7.gif" width="906" height="70" alt="-1/6*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-3]+1/2*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-2]-1/2*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-1]+1/6*1/h^3*t^3*f[k]+1/h^2*f[k]*x[k]^2+11/6*1/h*t*f[k]-1/3*1/h*t*f[k-3]-3/h*t*f[k-1]+3/2*1/h*t*f[k-2]+2/h^2*t^2*f[k-2]-1/2*1/h^2*t^2*f[k-3]..." />
<br />
<img src="images/numabj8.gif" width="839" height="70" alt="-1/6*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-3]+1/2*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-2]-1/2*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-1]+1/6*1/h^3*t^3*f[k]+1/h^2*f[k]*x[k]^2+11/6*1/h*t*f[k]-1/3*1/h*t*f[k-3]-3/h*t*f[k-1]+3/2*1/h*t*f[k-2]+2/h^2*t^2*f[k-2]-1/2*1/h^2*t^2*f[k-3]..." />
<br />
<img src="images/numabj9.gif" width="681" height="63" alt="-1/6*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-3]+1/2*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-2]-1/2*1/h^3*t^3*f[k-1]+1/6*1/h^3*t^3*f[k]+1/h^2*f[k]*x[k]^2+11/6*1/h*t*f[k]-1/3*1/h*t*f[k-3]-3/h*t*f[k-1]+3/2*1/h*t*f[k-2]+2/h^2*t^2*f[k-2]-1/2*1/h^2*t^2*f[k-3]..." />
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<font color="#000000">Integraalin approksimaatio saadaan integroimalla polynomi: </font>
</p>
<p align="left">
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><b><font color="#FF0000">integraali:= int(p, t=x[k]..x[k]+h):<br />
simplify(%);</font></b>
</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="center">
<img src="images/numabj10.gif" width="321" height="45" alt="-1/24*h*(9*f[k-3]-55*f[k]+59*f[k-1]-37*f[k-2])" />
</p>
<p align="left">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><tt>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
<td width="100%" valign="top"></td></tr>
</table>
</p>

<p><b>Linkkejä</b></p>


<b>Ratkaiseminen : </b> <a href="../xml/numadb.xml">Adamsin  -  Bashforthin menetelmä</a><br/>

<p align="left">
<i><font color="#000000">SKK &amp; MS 31.05.2001</font></i>
<font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font>
</p>



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